Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a promising technology for wastewater treatment due to their ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms. To optimize the performance of these systems, several ke

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has emerged as a promising solution for treating wastewater due to its ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids. MBRs combine the principles of biological treatment with membrane filtration, resulting in an efficient a

Nanobubbles, minute pockets of gas encapsulated within a liquid, are emerging as a revolutionary tool with immense potential across numerous fields. These entities, often generated through unique methods, possess remarkable characteristics such as enhanced permeability. This inherent capability make